掌握關係代名詞Who、 Whom、 Which、That、 Whose與關係副詞 Where能幫助你表達較複雜的句子,或是表達得更簡潔!

WhoVS.Whom, Who是個主詞關係代名詞, 代表人而 Whom 是個受詞關係代名詞, 代表人:

John is a vegetarian.
John是個素食主義者。
John loves tofu.
John 愛吃豆腐。
如何把這兩句話合成一句話呢?
John is a vegetarian who loves tofu.
John是個愛吃豆腐的素食主義者。
這裡的who代表了誰?是"a vegetarian loves tofu"裡的"a vegetarian", 是主詞(人), 所以可以用who這個主詞關係代名詞。

John always goes out with Mary.
John總是跟Mary約會。
John confides in Mary.
John都把心事告訴Mary。
如何把這兩句話合成一句話呢?
John always goes out with Mary in whom he confides.
John總是跟聽他心事的Mary約會。
這裡的whom代表了誰? 是"He confides in Mary"裡的Mary, Mary是受詞(人), 所以可以用whom這個受詞關係代名詞。
要注意：
John always goes out with Mary whom he confides in.(不正確, in不放句尾)
John always goes out with Mary in whom he confides.(正確）
whom這個受詞關係代名詞前面是能加介系詞的,所以"in"這個介系詞不能放句尾。 只要是用whom這個受詞關係代名詞, 句尾不能是介係詞。

Who 與 whom 的用法, 我們再來各舉一個例子:

Mary is a top athelete.
Mary 是個頂尖的運動家。
Mary won the championship this year.
Mary 今年得到了冠軍。

如何把這兩句話合成一句話呢?
Mary is a top athelete who won the championship this year.
Mary是贏得今年冠軍的頂尖運動家。
Who代表了"a top athelete won the championship this year"裡的"a top athelete",是主詞(人),所以可以用主詞關係代名詞Who。

Tom is having dinner with Mary.
Tom正在和Mary用晚餐。
Tom has great respect for Mary.
Tom對Mary非常尊重。
如何把這兩句話合成一句話呢?
Tom is having dinner with Mary for whom he has great respect.
Tom正在和他非常尊重的Mary用晚餐。
Whom代表了"He has great respect for Mary"裡的"Mary", Mary是個受詞(人),所以可以用受詞關係代名詞"Whom", For這個介系詞要放在受詞關係代名詞whom前面而不是放句尾。
Tom is having dinner with Mary for whom he has great respect. (正確）
Tom is having dinner with Mary whom he has great respect for.(不正確, for不放句尾）

Which,可以是主詞或受詞關係代名詞,代表事、物與地點。

He made a great speech yesterday which inspired many people.
他昨天給了個很棒的演說, 鼓舞了許多人。
Which代表了"a great speech inspired many people" 裡的"a great speech", 是個主詞(事物), 所以可以用主詞關係代名詞which。

Buddhism is a religion in which Tom believes.
佛教是個Tom信仰的宗教。
Which代表了"Tom believes in a religion"裡的"a religion", 是個受詞(事物）, 所以可以用受詞關係代名詞which。
in這個介系詞要放在受詞關係代名詞which前面而不是放句尾。
Buddhism is a religion in which Tom believes.(正確）
Buddhism is a religion which Tom believes in.(不正確, in不放句尾)

Where,是受詞關係副詞,代表地點、情況：

This is the location where the accident occurred.
這是那一個車禍發生的地點。
Where代表了"the accident occurred at the location" 裡的the location, 受詞(地點),所以可以用受詞關係副詞where。
那這句的"where"能不能用"which"表示呢? 是可以的, 上面提到的,which可以是受詞關係代名詞,代表事、物與地點：
This is the location at which the accident occurred.與:
This is the location where the accident occurred. 是同樣的意思。
有注意到嗎? Which前面加接係詞at, 而where前面是不能加接係詞的, 句尾也不行。
再舉個例子:
Taipei is the city where Mary resides.
台北是Mary定居的城市。
"where"代表了"Mary resides in the city"裡的"the city", 是個受詞(地點),所以可以用受詞關係副詞where。
這個句子的where也能用which表示,
Taipei is the city in which Mary resides.與:
Taipei is the city where Mary resides.是同樣的意思, "which"前面加接係詞"in",而 "where"前面是不能加接係詞的, 句尾也不行。
從上面兩個例子, 你可以看出, 當用"which"代替"where"這個受詞關係副詞, "which"前面就能加介系詞, 而"where"就不能。
也就是因為"which"前面能加介系詞,它與"where"比起來, 能夠把句子表達得更精確。

That,可以是主詞或受詞關係代名詞,代表人、事、物與地點。

This is a mistake that will hurt you in the long run.
這是一個長期下來會損害到你的錯誤。
That代表了"a mistake will hurt you in the long run"裡的"a mistake", 是主詞(事物),可以用主詞關係代名詞"That"。
那這個句子的that能不能用which代替呢? 是可以的, 是代表主詞(事物):
This is a mistake which will hurt you in the long run.等於: This is a mistake that will hurt you in the long run.

This is the company that I worked for.
這是我服務過的公司。
That代表了"I worked for the company" 裡的"the company", 是個受詞(事物),可以用受詞關係代名詞that。( 注意用"that"的時候,句尾是能加介係詞"for"的)
那這句的"that"能不能用"which"代替呢? 是可以的, 是個受詞(事物)
This is the company for which I worked.等於 This is the company that I worked for.
有注意到嗎?"which"前面加接係詞"for"而句尾不能加介係詞, 而"that"前面是不能加接係詞的, 但卻在句尾能加接係詞。
這句裡的"that"還能用"where"代替,
This is the company where I worked.(where前面與句尾皆不能加介係詞)
This is the company that I worked for.(that前面不能加介系詞，但for能放在句尾)
This is the company for which I worked.(which前面能加介系詞for，句尾不行)
我們再舉個類似的例子：
This is the world where we live.(where前面與句尾皆不能加介係詞)
這是我們所活在的世界。
This is the world that we live in.(that前面不能加介系詞，但in能放在句尾)
This is the world in which we live.(which前面能加介系詞in，句尾不行)

Whose, 所有格關係代名詞：

Tom is a doctor.
Tom是個醫師。
Tom's reputation is the best in his hospital.
Tom的名聲在他醫院裡是最好的。
這兩句話怎們連結呢？
Tom is a doctor whose reputation is the best in his hospital.
Tom是個在他醫院裡名聲最好的醫師。
Whose代表了"a doctor's reputation is the best in his hospital"裡的"a doctor's", 是個所有格,所以用所有格關係代名詞 "whose"。

練習/Practice:

Bob is a high school student who loves basketball.
Bob是個熱愛藍球的高中生。
Who在這裡是個主詞關係代名詞(人),那還有哪些主詞關係代名詞適用在這裡呢? 想想看:
也能用that(可以是主詞或受詞關係代名詞,代表人、事、物與地點):
Bob is a high school student that loves basketball.
那能不能用Which呢? 是不行的, which 只能用在事、物、地點而不是人。 那能不能用Where 或whom呢? 也是不行的, 它們只能做受詞關係副詞/代名詞。而且where是代表地點、情況而不是人。

再來一個主詞關係代名詞當的練習:
Mary went to a party that attracted everyone from school.
Mary去了個吸引了學校每一個人的派對。
那能不能用who呢? 是不行的, who 只代表人而不是事物。
能不能用Which呢? 可以的:
Mary went to a party which attracted everyone from school.
能不能用Where 或 whom呢? 是不行的, 它們是受詞關係副詞/代名詞。

來做個受詞關係代名詞的練習：
Tom is the gentleman with whom Mary went out.(用Whom時,介係詞with放whom前,不放句尾)
Tom是個Mary有約過會的紳仕。
還能用that：
Tom is the gentleman that Mary went out with.(用That時,介係詞with不放That前,放句尾)

再來一個受詞關係代名詞/副詞的練習:
This is the city that I met Alaina in. = This is the city in which I met Alaina. = This is the city where I met Alaina.
這是我認識Alaina的城市。

最後一個例子：
This is the lesson from which you learned how to correctly use who, which, that, whom, where and whose.
This is the lesson where you learn how to correctly use who, which, that, whom, where and whose.
This is the lesson that you learned how to correctly use who, which, that, whom, where and whose from.
這是您學會如何正確使用Who、 Whom、 Which、That, Where與 Whose的一節課！:)